amakuru

Dukoresha kuki kugirango tunoze uburambe.Mugukomeza gushakisha kururu rubuga, wemera gukoresha kuki.Andi makuru.
Iyo havuzwe impanuka yo mumuhanda kandi imwe mumodoka yavuye aho, laboratoire yubucamanza akenshi ishinzwe kugarura ibimenyetso.
Ibimenyetso bisigaye birimo ibirahure bimenetse, amatara yamenetse, amatara, cyangwa bumpers, hamwe nibimenyetso bya skid hamwe nibisigazwa by'irangi.Iyo ikinyabiziga kigonganye nikintu cyangwa umuntu, irangi rishobora kwimurwa muburyo bwibibanza cyangwa chip.
Irangi ryimodoka mubisanzwe ni uruvange rwibintu bitandukanye bikoreshwa mubice byinshi.Mugihe ibi bigoye bigoye gusesengura, biratanga kandi amakuru menshi yingenzi yingenzi yo kumenya ibinyabiziga.
Microscopi ya Raman na Fourier ihindura infragre (FTIR) ni bumwe muburyo bwingenzi bushobora gukoreshwa mugukemura ibibazo nkibi no koroshya isesengura ridasenya ibice byihariye muburyo rusange bwo gutwikira.
Isesengura ryerekana irangi ritangirana namakuru yerekana ibintu bishobora kugereranywa nuburyo bwo kugenzura cyangwa gukoreshwa bifatanije nububikoshingiro kugirango umenye imiterere, imiterere, numwaka wikinyabiziga.
Igipolisi cyitwa Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) gikora kimwe mububiko nkububiko, Data Data Query (PDQ).Laboratwari zitabira kwitabira zishobora kuboneka igihe icyo aricyo cyose kugirango zifashe kubungabunga no kwagura ububikoshingiro.
Iyi ngingo yibanze ku ntambwe yambere mugikorwa cyo gusesengura: gukusanya amakuru yerekanwe kuri chip irangi ukoresheje microscopi ya FTIR na Raman.
Amakuru ya FTIR yakusanyijwe hakoreshejwe Thermo Scientific ™ Nicolet ™ RaptIR micros microscope;amakuru yuzuye ya Raman yakusanyijwe hakoreshejwe Thermo Scientific ™ DXR3xi microscope ya Raman.Imipira irangi yakuwe mubice byangiritse byimodoka: kimwe cyaciwe kumuryango wumuryango, ikindi kiva muri bamperi.
Uburyo busanzwe bwo guhuza ibice byambukiranya ibice ni ukujugunya hamwe na epoxy, ariko niba ibisigarira byinjiye mubigereranyo, ibisubizo byisesengura birashobora kugira ingaruka.Kugira ngo wirinde ibi, ibice by'irangi byashyizwe hagati y'impapuro ebyiri za poly (tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) ku gice cyambukiranya.
Mbere yo gusesengura, igice cyambukiranya irangi ryamabara cyatandukanijwe nintoki na PTFE hanyuma chip ishyirwa kumadirishya ya barium fluoride (BaF2).Ikarita ya FTIR yakorwaga muburyo bwo kohereza hakoreshejwe 10 x 10 µm2 aperture, intego nziza ya 15x hamwe na kondenseri, hamwe na 5 µm ikibuga.
Ingero zimwe zakoreshejwe mu gusesengura Raman kugirango zihamye, nubwo igice cyoroshye cya BaF2 cyambukiranya idirishya kidakenewe.Twabibutsa ko BaF2 ifite impinga ya Raman kuri cm 242 cm-1, ishobora kugaragara nkimpinga idakomeye mubice bimwe.Ikimenyetso ntigomba guhuzwa na flake flake.
Shaka amashusho ya Raman ukoresheje pigiseli ya pigiseli ingana na 2 µm na 3 µm.Isesengura rya Spectral ryakozwe ku mpinga nyamukuru yibice kandi inzira yo kumenyekanisha yafashijwe no gukoresha tekinike nko gushakisha ibice byinshi ugereranije namasomero aboneka mubucuruzi.
Umuceri.1. Igishushanyo cyibisanzwe bine-bine byerekana amarangi (ibumoso).Amashusho yerekana amashusho mosaic ya chip irangi yakuwe kumuryango wimodoka (iburyo).Inguzanyo y'Ishusho: Thermo Fisher Scientific - Ibikoresho nisesengura ryuburyo
Nubwo umubare wibice byamabara yerekana irangi murugero bishobora gutandukana, mubisanzwe bigizwe nibice bine (Ishusho 1).Igice gishyizwe kumurongo wicyuma ni urwego rwa electrophoretique primer (hafi 17-25 µm z'ubugari) ikora kugirango irinde icyuma ibidukikije kandi ikora nk'ubuso bwizamuka kugirango irangire irangi.
Igice gikurikiraho ni primer yinyongera, shyira (hafi 30-35 microne yubugari) kugirango itange ubuso bworoshye kumurongo ukurikiraho wamabara.Noneho haza ikoti shingiro cyangwa ikote fatizo (hafi 10-20 µm z'ubugari) igizwe n irangi ryibanze.Igice cya nyuma ni urwego rukingira (hafi microne 30-50 z'ubugari) nazo zitanga urumuri rwiza.
Kimwe mubibazo nyamukuru hamwe no gusesengura amarangi ni uko ibice byose byamabara kumodoka yumwimerere byanze bikunze bigaragara nkibipapuro byerekana amarangi.Mubyongeyeho, ingero zo mu turere dutandukanye zishobora kugira ibice bitandukanye.Kurugero, gusiga amarangi kuri bumper birashobora kuba bigizwe nibikoresho bya bumper.
Ishusho igaragara yambukiranya ibice bya chip irangi irerekanwa mumashusho 1. Ibice bine bigaragara mumashusho agaragara, bifitanye isano nibice bine byagaragajwe nisesengura rya infragre.
Nyuma yo gushushanya igice cyose cyambukiranya, abantu bamenyekanye bakoresheje amashusho ya FTIR yibice bitandukanye.Ishusho yerekana hamwe na FTIR ishusho yibice bine byerekanwe mubishushanyo.2. Igice cya mbere cyahuye na acrylic igaragara neza igizwe na polyurethane, melamine (impinga kuri cm 815 cm-1) na styrene.
Igice cya kabiri, urwego (ibara) urwego rusobanutse rusa na chimique kandi rugizwe na acrylic, melamine na styrene.
Nubwo bisa kandi nta mpinga yihariye ya pigment yamenyekanye, ibitaramo biracyerekana itandukaniro, cyane cyane mubijyanye nuburemere bwimpinga.Igice cya 1 cyerekana impinga zikomeye kuri cm 1700 cm-1 (polyurethane), cm 1490-1, cm 1095 cm-1 (CO) na cm 762-1.
Imbaraga zo hejuru murwego rwa layer 2 ziyongera kuri 2959 cm-1 (methyl), 1303 cm-1, cm 1241 cm-1 (ether), 1077 cm-1 (ether) na cm 731.Ikirangantego cyubuso bwahujwe nububiko bwibitabo bwa alkyd resin ishingiye kuri acide isophthalic.
Ikoti ryanyuma rya e-coat primer ni epoxy kandi birashoboka polyurethane.Ubwanyuma, ibisubizo byari bihuye nibisanzwe biboneka mumarangi yimodoka.
Isesengura ryibice bitandukanye muri buri cyiciro ryakozwe hifashishijwe amasomero ya FTIR aboneka mubucuruzi, ntabwo ari ububiko bwimodoka, bityo mugihe imikino ihagarariwe, ntibishobora kuba byuzuye.
Gukoresha base base yagenewe ubu bwoko bwisesengura bizongera kugaragara ndetse no gukora, moderi numwaka wikinyabiziga.
Igishushanyo 2. Uhagarariye FTIR yerekanwe ibice bine byamenyekanye mugice cyambukiranya amarangi yimodoka yimodoka.Amashusho atagira ingano yakozwe kuva mukarere ka mpinga kajyanye nigice cyihariye kandi hejuru yishusho ya videwo.Ibice bitukura byerekana aho urwego rwihariye.Ukoresheje aperture ya 10 x 10 µm2 hamwe nintambwe ya 5 µm, ishusho ya infragre ifite ubuso bwa 370 x 140 µm2.Inguzanyo y'Ishusho: Thermo Fisher Scientific - Ibikoresho nisesengura ryuburyo
Ku mutini.3 yerekana ishusho ya videwo igice cyambukiranya ibyuma bisiga amarangi, byibuze ibice bitatu biragaragara neza.
Amashusho atambitse yerekana amashusho yemeza ko hariho ibice bitatu bitandukanye (Ishusho 4).Igice cyo hanze ni ikote risobanutse, birashoboka cyane ko polyurethane na acrylic, byahuzaga iyo ugereranije ikoti risobanutse neza mubitabo byubucuruzi byubucamanza.
Nubwo ibipimo fatizo (ibara) bitwikiriye bisa cyane nuburinganire busobanutse, biracyatandukanye bihagije kugirango bitandukane nu gice cyo hanze.Hariho itandukaniro rikomeye muburyo bugereranije ubukana bwimpinga.
Igice cya gatatu gishobora kuba bumper ibikoresho ubwabyo, bigizwe na polypropilene na talc.Talc irashobora gukoreshwa nkuzuza imbaraga za polypropilene kugirango uzamure imiterere yibikoresho.
Amakote yo hanze yombi yari ahuje n'ayakoreshejwe mu gusiga amarangi, ariko nta mpinga yihariye yagaragaye yagaragaye muri kote ya primer.
Umuceri.3. Video ya mozayike igice cyambukiranya amarangi yakuwe mumodoka.Inguzanyo yishusho: Thermo Fisher Scientific - Ibikoresho nisesengura ryuburyo
Umuceri.4. Uhagarariye FTIR yerekana ibice bitatu byamenyekanye mubice byambukiranya amarangi kuri bamperi.Amashusho atagira ingano yakozwe kuva mukarere ka mpinga kajyanye nigice cyihariye kandi hejuru yishusho ya videwo.Ibice bitukura byerekana aho urwego rwihariye.Ukoresheje aperture ya 10 x 10 µm2 nubunini bwintambwe ya 5 µm, ishusho ya infragre ifite ubuso bwa 535 x 360 µm2.Inguzanyo y'Ishusho: Thermo Fisher Scientific - Ibikoresho nisesengura ryuburyo
Raman yerekana microscopi ikoreshwa mugusesengura urukurikirane rw'ibice byambukiranya kugirango ubone amakuru yinyongera kubyerekeye icyitegererezo.Nyamara, isesengura rya Raman riragoye na fluorescence itangwa nicyitegererezo.Amasoko menshi atandukanye ya laser (455 nm, 532 nm na 785 nm) yageragejwe kugirango harebwe uburinganire buri hagati ya fluorescence nuburemere bwibimenyetso bya Raman.
Kugirango usesengure amarangi yimyenda kumiryango, ibisubizo byiza biboneka na laser ifite uburebure bwa 455 nm;nubwo fluorescence ikiriho, gukosora shingiro birashobora gukoreshwa mukurwanya.Nyamara, ubu buryo ntabwo bwagenze neza kuri epoxy kuko fluorescence yari mike cyane kandi ibikoresho byashoboraga kwangirika kwa laser.
Nubwo laseri zimwe ziruta izindi, nta lazeri ikwiriye gusesengura epoxy.Raman isesengura ryibice byerekana amarangi kuri bumper ukoresheje laser ya 532 nm.Umusanzu wa fluorescence uracyahari, ariko ukuweho no gukosora ibyingenzi.
Umuceri.5. Uhagarariye Raman yerekanwe mubice bitatu byambere byimodoka yimodoka yimodoka (iburyo).Igice cya kane (epoxy) cyatakaye mugihe cyo gukora icyitegererezo.Ibyerekanwe byakosowe kugirango bikureho ingaruka za fluorescence hanyuma byegeranijwe hakoreshejwe laser ya 455 nm.Ubuso bwa 116 x 100 µm2 bwerekanwe hakoreshejwe pigiseli ya 2 µm.Amashusho yerekana amashusho mosaic (hejuru ibumoso).Igipimo kinini cya Raman Gukemura (MCR) ishusho yambukiranya ibice (ibumoso hepfo).Inguzanyo y'Ishusho: Thermo Fisher Scientific - Ibikoresho nisesengura ryuburyo
Isesengura rya Raman igice cyambukiranya igice cy'irangi ry'imodoka ryerekanwe kumashusho 5;iyi sample ntabwo yerekana epoxy layer kuko yatakaye mugihe cyo kwitegura.Ariko, kubera ko isesengura Raman ryerekeranye na epoxy layer ryasanze ari ikibazo, ntabwo byafashwe nkikibazo.
Kubaho kwa styrene byiganje muri Raman ya ecran ya layer 1, mugihe impinga ya karubone iba nkeya cyane ugereranije na IR.Ugereranije na FTIR, isesengura rya Raman ryerekana itandukaniro rigaragara muri spekure yicyiciro cya mbere nicyakabiri.
Umukino wa Raman wegereye ikoti fatizo ni perylene;nubwo bidahuye neza, ibikomoka kuri perylene bizwi ko bikoreshwa muri pigment mu irangi ryimodoka, bityo birashobora kugereranya pigment murwego rwibara.
Ubuso bwo hejuru bwagereranyaga na isofthalic alkyd resin, nyamara basanze kandi hariho dioxyde ya titanium (TiO2, rutile) muri izo ngero, rimwe na rimwe bikaba bigoye kubimenya hamwe na FTIR, bitewe no guca ibintu.
Umuceri.6. Uhagarariye Raman yerekana urugero rwibipapuro bisiga irangi kuri bumper (iburyo).Ibyerekanwe byakosowe kugirango bikureho ingaruka za fluorescence kandi byegeranijwe hakoreshejwe laser ya 532 nm.Ubuso bwa 195 x 420 µm2 bwerekanwe hakoreshejwe pigiseli ingana na 3 µm.Amashusho yerekana amashusho mosaic (hejuru ibumoso).Raman MCR ishusho yigice cyambukiranya igice (ibumoso hepfo).Inguzanyo yishusho: Thermo Fisher Scientific - Ibikoresho nisesengura ryuburyo
Ku mutini.6 yerekana ibisubizo bya Raman gutatanya igice cyambukiranya amarangi kuri bumper.Hiyongereyeho ikindi gice (layer 3) kitigeze kiboneka na FTIR.
Hafi yurwego rwinyuma ni copolymer ya styrene, Ethylene na butadiene, ariko hariho ibimenyetso byerekana ko hariho ikindi kintu kitazwi, nkuko bigaragazwa nimpinga ntoya ya karubone idasobanutse.
Ikirangantego cyikoti fatizo gishobora kwerekana ibice bigize pigment, kubera ko spekiteri ihuye na bimwe na bimwe na phthalocyanine ikoreshwa nka pigment.
Igice cyambere kitazwi ni gito cyane (5 µm) kandi igice kigizwe na karubone na rutile.Bitewe n'ubunini bw'iki gice no kuba TiO2 na karubone bigoye kumenya hamwe na FTIR, ntibitangaje kuba batabonetse kubisesengura rya IR.
Dukurikije ibisubizo bya FT-IR, igice cya kane (ibikoresho bya bumper) byagaragaye ko ari polypropilene, ariko isesengura Raman ryerekanye kandi ko hari karubone.Nubwo kuba talc yagaragaye muri FITR idashobora kuvaho, ntishobora kumenyekana neza kuko impinga ya Raman ihuye ni nto cyane.
Irangi ryimodoka ni uruvange rwinshi rwibigize, kandi mugihe ibi bishobora gutanga amakuru menshi yo kumenya, binakora isesengura ikibazo gikomeye.Ibimenyetso bya chip birashobora kugaragara neza ukoresheje microscope ya Nicolet RaptIR FTIR.
FTIR ni tekinike yo gusesengura idasenya itanga amakuru yingirakamaro kubyiciro bitandukanye nibigize amarangi yimodoka.
Iyi ngingo ivuga ku isesengura rya spekitroscopique yerekana amarangi, ariko isesengura ryimbitse ryibisubizo, haba mu kugereranya mu buryo butaziguye n’ibinyabiziga bikekwa cyangwa binyuze mu bubiko bwihariye bwabigenewe, birashobora gutanga amakuru yuzuye kugira ngo ahuze ibimenyetso n’inkomoko yabyo.